Tulanes Acceptance Rate Explained TKG

Tulane’s Acceptance Rate Explained Once upon a time, Tulane was considered a safety school for some. That time is over. The acceptance rate for the class of 2023 was 13%.  For context, Cornell’s acceptance rate for the class of 2023 was 10.6%. Tulane’s acceptance for the class of 2020 was 26%, which means that in three years their acceptance rate was cut in half.  We wanted to find out exactly what caused this drastic shift. As is the case with most colleges, it’s not easy to get to the bottom of these kinds of things and even harder (impossible) to get questions answered by someone who works at the school. So, we did some digging online and found a few things that are worth mentioning.  Tulane is reducing their merit aid budget, but increasing need-based financial aid spending.In this article posted in 2018, Tulane’s Dean of Undergraduate Admission  said that the amount of need-based financial aid awarded to students has increased significantly since 2016. During the 2017-18 academic year, 100 percent of s tudents with financial need requirements received need-based aid, and this need was fully met for 69.4 percent of these recipients. The Office of Undergraduate Admission launched the initiative to increase need-based aid as part of Tulane’s efforts to increase diversity and inclusion on campus. Tulane’s office of admission increased their efforts of reaching out to prospective students to meet larger proportions of their financial need. What does all of this mean? It means Tulane is making itself more accessible with increased financial aid, which drives up the number of applications. Tulane’s supplement is technically optional, but Tulane’s admissions blog tells a slightly different story. We have long said that there is no such thing as an optional supplement. Not completing a supplement tells the college that you don’t care and that attending X school isn’t a priority. But when supplements are optional, a lot of students don’t do them because applying is so easy. It only takes a few minutes, and the theory of “throwing your hat in the ring” comes into play. This hugely drives up the number of applicants. We did some digging on Tulane’s admissions blog, where the director of admissions doles out advice. There is a blog post called “The Why X College Statement.” It takes the reader through a hypothetical scenario during which he is choosing between two applicants: one student completed the supplement, and the other didn’t. Not shockingly, he said that he would admit the student that wrote the essay. He then provides tips on how to write “any” college supplement. What does this mean? Well, we think that if the admissions team is urging applicants to do the supplement, and even suggesting that it can make or break your application, then it should no longer be listed as optional. After speaking about Tulane internally, we believe that there is a third reason as to why so many people are applying to Tulane. That reason is status. We have been conditioned to believe that the Ivy League and schools with low acceptance rates are the best schools in the world. When acceptance rates go down, more people apply. A lower acceptance rate indicates value and prestige to some. As always, we advise our clients and readers to look beyond rankings and acceptance rates when creating their college lists. Our goal with this blog post is not to suggest that you shouldn’t apply to Tulane if you meet their requirements and the school offers what you’re looking for. We are trying to shed light on how the application process works, and that means further looking to why these trends occur.  If the application process is overwhelming you, contact us here.

US Prison System Essay - 674 Words

US Prison System There are many people who are critical of the US‘s prison sysetm; the idea of locking up those who commit crimes against a society simply to keep them from doing harm. Many say that more rehabilatation is necessary to improve these individuals and, therefore, society as a whole. What are some ways of doing this? Do you agree/disagree with this view and why? Is the prison system currently in place the best option for society? 2 pages, double spaced, 12pt. font. You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink. Everyone knows that you can’t help someone unless they want to help themselves. When the prison system was first established, the possibilities in rehabilitation were nothing like they are†¦show more content†¦People often say about celebrities or political figures, â€Å"They are not above the law.† This is true, no one is above the law, but the law was made by other humans just like you and me and humans make mistakes†¦a lot. The prison system is something that you would have had to experienced to know enough about to judge whether it is the best option for society. My outsider and nieve view is that there is no perfect way to deal with people that hurt other people. God says to forgive thy enemy and love him as your brother. That is practically unrealistic in our world for anyone. Hanging outlaws is no longer an easy solution to crime. No one should be caged like an animal, animals shouldn’t either for that matter, but when someone violates/abuses another person’s rights; they deserve to have their rights taken away. To have your freedom taken away may be worse than death. At least in death you are free. If there were a better option, someone would have thought of it by now. An idea that was followed through was the electric ankle brace, in which people who commit misdometers(eg. cable theft), or are on parole are on house arrest. They cannot leave at certain times and if they do, the ankle brace sends an alerts the police. This option is all anyone could come up with? People have been murdered due to the fact some felons were let out on the ankle brace when they should have been locked up where they couldn’t do any harm to anyone butShow MoreRelatedOver Population in the Prison System Costs Billions, and That Affect Us All!1299 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation in the prison system costs billions, and that affect us all! Tjy Helms Composition 1 ENG1001 BH Week 5 Professor Henry 05/6/2011 I say why should we the people pay to house, feed, and provide medical care for people who have never had a history of violent behavior? The issue becomes compounded when we cram thousands of people into a space designed for hundreds. Look at the number of people who are doing hard time, for non-violent crimes. These are the people who are costing us unneeded expensesRead MoreThe Private Prison System War On Drugs And Mass Incarceration883 Words   |  4 PagesThe Private Prison System War on drugs and Mass Incarceration A private prison or for-profit prison is a place in which individuals are physically confined or incarcerated by a third party that is contracted by a government agency. Private prison companies typically enter into contractual agreements with governments that commit prisoners and then pay a per diem or monthly rate, either for each prisoner in the facility or for each place available, whether occupied or not. Such contracts may be forRead MoreThe Prison System And The Prisons System Essay1258 Words   |  6 Pagesrealize how much prison affects someone. In the US the prison system is completely different than the prison system in Denmark. After watching Prison State, I didn’t really know what the pros were of our prison system. I saw more cons than pros. I was completely shocked by the way that Denmark runs their prison system. The video confused me a bit, so I did some research and found an article that I understood a little bit better about Denmark’s prison system. The US prison system is definitely moreRead MoreReform, Means Improvement : Prison Reform Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesReform, means improvement. Prison reform, means the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons, establishing a more effective penal system, or implement alternatives to incarceration. The penal system is part of the larger criminal justice system. Prison reformation, is not just about the justice system or the criminal justice system. They all have a different meaning, but, in all, they do involve with the same concepts, expectations, and ways of doing things because it deals with community, societyRead MoreMass Imprisonment And What It Means For Our Society1260 Words   |  6 PagesImprisonment and What It Means for Our Society. We all know about prisons and what they are. Some of us may even know of someone who has at one point in their lives had an imprisonment at some point in their lives. With that in mind consider this. What are prisons today? What are their right applications? Who profits from people incarcerated? These three questions are fundamental to the ethics of how a prison not only operates but also in how a prisoner treated. With this paperRead MoreOverview of Community Corrections in USA1191 Words   |  5 PagesCommunity Corrections Community Corrections are the non-prison penalties that are enforced on convicted, sentenced or arrested adults (i.e. 18 or above) for making crimes. Community corrections are basically planned for the crimes that are petty as compared to the serious offences that are murder, kidnapping or so on. The crimes that are supposed to receive less severe punishment are given in charge of community corrections. These programs focus on non-violent offenders and punish them with probationRead MoreCriminal Justice System1308 Words   |  6 Pagescriminal justice system is doing something right. The few citizens that go to prison usually only go once. How does Norway achieve this? The country relies on a method called restorative justice, which aims to repair the harm caused by crime rather than punish people. This system is purely focused on rehabilitating prisoners. The United States, on the other hand, places focus on incarceration and incapacitation. This is where the methodologies clash: s hould the criminal justice system be responsibleRead MoreThe United States Has The Largest Prison Population In1336 Words   |  6 Pageslargest prison population in the world, but fails to perform the duties of successful correctional facilities. The lack of rehabilitation leads to unsuccessful reintegration into society as people released from prison are soon sent back for committing yet another crime, contributing to a violent crime rate of 372.6 per 100,000 inhabitants in the US in 2015 (FBI National Press Office, 2016). According to the US Department of Justice, more than 10,000 convicted criminals are released from US prisons eachRead MoreThe New Black1322 Words   |  6 PagesThe speech I attended was a panel of women who had all previously been to prison. This panel was particularly interesting because these women were the inspiration for the television series Orange is the New Black. The Netflix original series is based on Piper Kerman’s book of the same name. The book was based on her experience in the women’s prison Danbury, which is located in Connecticut. Piper wrote about her personal story and the stories of many of the women she interacted with. Several of theseRead MoreThe American Population Is Overwhelmingly Uninformed About866 Words   |  4 Pagesthe inner workings of the justice system. If the average American was privy to the harsh reality of the injustices suffered by the exorbitant prison population and the shortcomings of the justice system, I suspect a large portion of the population would support prison reform. Indeed, recently there has been major public discourse regarding the justice system. This discourse, among other reasons, made me personally invested in the flaws of the criminal justice system. I am aware of America’s mass incarceration

Poem Analysis Sherman Alexies On the Amtrak From Boston...

An Analysis of Sherman Alexies On the Amtrak Sherman Alexies On the Amtrak from Boston to New York City is a free verse poem that gives voice to Native American resentment and contempt. It is composed in a series of quatrains, with the last line of the poem standing alone, symbolizing the poet himself who feels alienated a stranger in his own land, now overrun by an enemy. This paper will examine the poems use of meter, imagery and symbolism, and give an interpretation of Alexies thoughts and feelings in On the Amtrak. Alexie does not hold hard and fast to any metrical pattern. Doing so would be to conform to a poetical tradition of the enemy. Instead, Alexies composition is mainly syllabic. Some lines, such as into what she has been taught. I have learned, may be classified as iambic pentameter (the end of the line consisting of spondees rather than iambs); but the very next line that follows shows that Alexie has no attachment to such form: little more about American history during my few days is neither iambic nor pentameter ; it has roughly nine and a half feet with several different foot types. Alexie also refuses to capitalize the first word of each new line, thus further abandoning the poetical structure of the so-called enemy. In other words, Alexies verse is free and independent of classical traditions. Like his people, upon whom he meditates in the poem, Alexies words are unruled by any of the conventions of the white people whom Alexie

JordanF DNA RNA Experiment 1 Essay - 611 Words

Experiment 1: Coding In this experiment, you will model the effects of mutations on the genetic code. Some mutations cause no structural or functional change to proteins while others can have devastating affects on an organism. Materials Red Beads Blue Beads Yellow Beads Green Beads Procedure: 1. Using the red, blue, yellow and green beads, devise and lay out a three color code for each of the following letters (codon). For example Z = green : red : green. In the spaces below the letter, record your â€Å"code†. C: E: H: I: K: L: red green red blue yellow blue red blue red green yellow green red green blue yellow green blue M: O: S: T: U: blue yellow green blue green green green red green red blue yellow yellow green yellow Create†¦show more content†¦The mmuse likes cheese. No, the sentence still does not make sense. There are no other words that will make sense to the sentence. c. Replace the 20th bead and add one between bead numbers 50 and 51. What does the sentence say now? Does the sentence still make sense? The mouse likescheese. No, the sentence does not make sense. d. In 3.a (above) you mutated one letter. What role do you think the redundancy of the genetic code plays in this type of change? The genetic code has 64 codons, which codes for 20 amino acids. Redundancies of the genetic code allow different variation of codons to code for the same amino acids. The benefit of this is that even if there is a mistake in the base pairing, the amino acid might be unaffected. This allows amino acids to be represented in more than one combination. e. Based on your observations, why do you suppose the mutations we made in 3.b and 3.c are called frame shift mutations? Frame shift mutations are the type of mutation caused by the addition or deletion of a base pair in the DNA resulting in the translation of the genetic code in an unnatural reading frame from the position of the mutation to the end of the gene. In the mutations, we added and deleted beads resulting in an incorrect sentence that does not make sense. f. Which mutations do you suspect have the greatest consequence? Why? I think the Frame shift mutations would have the greatest consequence because DNA is read in triplets so everything would get moved

Commercial Law Analysis

Question: Describe about the Commercial Law. Answer: A contract is regarded as something more than a mere agreement that exists between two or more people. For the formation of a contract there has to be the existence of several elements that are considered essential elements of formation of contract (Aubert Rivard, 2016). The primary elements of a contract are offer and acceptance, legal capacity, consideration and the intention of the parties to enter into legal relation. In the given case, it is given that Alan went to a store of liquor and demanded for Russian Vodka. The storekeeper Ben told Alan that the bottle of vodka that is in the hand of Alan fulfills the criterion of Russian vodka. In accordance to that assurance, Alan made the purchase of 3 bottles of vodka and got the receipt from Ben that made the statement that proclaimed that the products that are sold are not refundable and the seller is not responsible for the safety of the product (Calfa Grossmann, 2015). The elements that are present in the contract formation of Alan and Ben are follows: Legal Capacity: In accordance to law of the contract, not all people are eligible to enter into the contract. The parties that have the capacity to enter into a contract must be of legal age that is eighteen years and not a minor. The parties must not have a mental illness at the time of entering the contract. The prisoners and the bankrupts cannot enter into a contract. In the given case, it is evident that Alan and Ben has the legal capacity that is required for entering into a contract. Offer: In accordance to the laws of contract, there has to be a valid offer by one party of the contract known as the offerer. In the given case, there has been invitation to offer or treat on the part of Alan when wanted to buy Russian vodka. The offer was made by Ben after receiving the invitation to treat from Alan. In the case of Smith v Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597, the Court held that for determining the valid offer and acceptance there has to be the objectivity test of the contract. Acceptance: In accordance to the rules of contract, the proper acceptance has to be delivered by the acceptor to the offeror. In the given case, Alan accepted the offer made by Ben to buy three bottles of Russian Vodka at an agreed price (Crump, 2013). In the case of Harvey v Facey [1893] A.C. 552, the Court held that the different price stipulations by any seller should be considered as invitation to offer or treat. Consideration: It is most important element of contract. The amount to money or the services to be paid by any party for the services that are rendered by the other party is termed as consideration. In the given case, the amount paid by Alan for three bottles of Russian vodka is the consideration of the contract. Intention to form legal relation: In the given case, buying and selling depicts the intention of entering into legal relation (Durkheim, 2014). Hence, from the above discussion, it can be said that in the given case there is a contract between Alan and Ben and all the elements of contract is present. The transactions between seller and buyer where any seller agrees to transfer or sell rights in certain goods and services to any buyer in the return of consideration are subject to certain rules and regulations. The said transaction in Singapore is governed by the rules and regulations made under the Sales of Goods Act. Thus, the said Act governs all the transactions and contracts which take place in Singapore for sale of goods and services. The Sale of Goods Act in Singapore imposes many obligations on both the seller and the buyer. The buyer in particular, under the said Act, is protected from many automatic warranties against the seller under every contract of sale in Singapore. Part 1 of the Sales of Goods Act in Singapore includes many warranties which protect the buyer from fraudulent and illegal practices and conduct of the sellers (Bridge, 2012). The section 11 of the Sales of Goods Act states when a condition can be treated as a warranty by the buyer. Thus, under the said s ection when a condition is to be fulfilled by a seller and he fails to do the same, it is at the discretion of the buyer to either waive the breach of said condition or to elect and consider the said breach of condition as breach of warranty. Thus, in the said case, Alan purchased the vodka from Ben on the condition that the vodka should be of Russian origin. The said condition was not fulfilled which makes Ben breached section 11 of the Sales of Goods Act and allows Alan to elect to treat the said breach as breach of warranty. Additionally, section 13 of the Sales of Goods Act talks about sale by description and states when there is a sale of goods by description, there exists an implied warranty that the goods will match to the said description. Thus, in the said case, as Ben sold the vodka bottles to Alan describing them to be of Russian origin, the said section made it an implied warranty for the vodka bottles to correspond to the said description. Thus, Ben breached section 13 of the Sales of Goods Act. Additionally, section 14 of the Sales of Goods Act states implied warranty about quality and fitness. Thus, under the said section there is an implied term and warranty about the goods sold that the goods sold are of acceptable quality. Thus, in the said case, as Ben sold illicit drinks to Alan which caused him and his friends diarrhea after consumption, thus, Ben violated section 14 of the Sales of Goods Act by selling goods which are not of acceptable quality and fitness (Schwenzer, Hachem Kee, 2012). In National Foods Ltd v Pars Ram Brothers Ltd [2006] 4 SLR 640; [2006] SGHC 173 a Pakistani company contracted to sell spices to a Singapore incorporated company. The said contracted stated that the Pakistani company needs to furnish documents for the authenticity of the spices and about its quality. As the spices did ot meant the set standards, the Pakistani company was sued under section 13 and 14 of the Sales of Goods Act in Singapore and ordered to compensate the Singapore company for breach of warranties under the said Act (ISMAIL, 2011). Thus, in the said case, Ben breached section 11, 13 and 14 of the Sales of Goods Act in Singapore. The receipt that was given by Ben to Alan contained the message that the goods that are sold from the shop are not refundable and the seller cannot be held liable for the safety of the products that are sold. In the scenario that is given, the printed receipt plays an important part. There is invitation to offer by Alan where he urges to make the purchase of Russian Vodka from Ben. Thereafter, Ben made the offer to Alan which Alan accepted. The problem emerged when the vodka purchased caused food poisoning and diarrhea of the three close friends of Alan. Subsequent to that, the bottles of vodka were also found to be illicit drinks. Here lies the importance of the receipt that was generated by Ben to Alan. The receipt shall not be regarded as the contract. The contract between Alan and Ben is implied and not expressed. The contract lies in their dealing (Appleman et al., 2015). Alan enters into the dealing for the purchase of original Russian Vodka and not for the drinks that are illicit. Hence, there is non-performance or breach of contract. There is also fraud involved on the part of Ben. The words that were printed on the receipt meant that the goods that were sold could not be refunded. The receipt also meant that the seller that is Ben could not be held responsible for the safety of the products that were once sold from the shop. In accordance to the rules of contract, the terms that are contained in a contract should be certain and not vague. Although the receipt is not the contract but its terms are important. The terms of the receipt are vague because there is no such term mentioned in it that would deal with the case in case the goods sold by the seller turns defective (Chandler, 2015). It is an implied term in the dealings between a seller and buyer that if any goods sold by a seller turns defective, then such a seller is bound to make the refund of the money to the buyer. Moreover, the act of Ben is also illegal. It is because in accordance to the consumer laws, the buyer is always entitled to get proper goods that are of the merchandise quality. No customer is entitled to receive any faulty product or goods (Furmston et al., 2012). There was a case named ACCC v MOI International of 2013, where the MOI International was an oil company and made the claim that their oil contains 100% olive. In the researches that were conducted pointed out that the oil of the company had an amount of 7% olive and 93% canola. The Court while delivering the decision asserted a fine of $20,400 (Schwartz Scott 2016). The said case is similar to the case of Alan and Ben. It is because Ben made the claim that the bottles sold by him to Alan are contained of original Russian Vodka. However, in original terms, those bottles contained illicit drinks and not original Russian Vodka. The case study that is given depicts that the friends of Alan suffered from ill health and diarrhea after drinking the drinks that are delivered by Ben. The basic issue that is involved is whether Ben is liable for the suffering of the friends of Alan. The other issue that is involved in the case study is that whether there lays any option for friends of Alan to claim against Ben. The rule of proximate cause, foresee ability and negligence applies. The term proximate cause in law refers and means an event that is related sufficiently to any injury that is recognizable of being the cause of the said injury (Barker et al.,2012). In the case of Summers v Tice, it was held by the court that when there are two parties who acts negligently and that act of negligence causes the injury or the damage of any outside party or third party, then the burden of proof lies on those negligent parties to prove that they did not act negligently. In the case study that is provided, the proximate cause of the suffering of the friends of Alan was drinking the drinks that were illicit and supplied by Ben. Hence, Ben could be held liable for this cause (Fordham, 2013). The term foreseeable means a concept that is used in torts to make the limitation of liability of any party from that carries the risk of harm that is foreseeable. In simpler terms it would mean that any person who is reasonable would be able to make the prediction and expectation of the ill results of such actions. Under the law of negligence, the responsibility of acting in a reasonable manner for avoiding risks that are foreseeable of any injury that is physical may extend to any person. In the contract law, the usage of foreseeable concept is done for limiting the award of damages that are either special or consequential to such parties that can be termed as the consequences that are predictable of the contract breach. In the case of Sheehan v SRA (NSW), it was held by the court that if the act of any person is foreseeable to the injury of any person then such party can be held liable in the legal terms (Stickley, 2013). The next principle is the principle of negligence that can be made applicable in the case study that is given. The term negligence refers to the breach of the duty of taking care for which there is some kind loss either physical or monetary, is sustained to any other party (Stuhmcke Stewart, 2014). In the cases of negligence there has to be the plaintiff has to make the proof that there is the duty on the part of the duty to take the reasonable care and the defendant made the breach of such duty, for which he suffered loss. In the case study, there is negligence on the part of Ben as he supplied illicit drinks that caused the diarrhea of the friends of Alan. Hence, the claim would be by those friends against Ben. Reference List Appleman, J. A., Appleman, J., Holmes, E. M. (2015).Excuses for Nonpayment and Defenses to Actions for Premiums(Vol. 5). Appleman on Insurance Law and Practice. Aubert, B. A., Rivard, S. (2016). A Commentary on:The role of transaction cost economics in information technology outsourcing research: A meta-analysis of the choice of contract type.Journal of Strategic Information Systems,1(25), 64-67. Barker, K., Cane, P., Lunney, M., Trindade, F. (2012).The law of torts in Australia. Oxford University Press. Bridge, M. G. (2012).Benjamin's sale of goods(Vol. 11). Sweet Maxwell. Calfa, B. A., Grossmann, I. E. (2015). Optimal procurement contract selection with price optimization under uncertainty for process networks.Computers Chemical Engineering,82, 330-343. Chandler, A. (2015).Law of Contract. Oxford University Press, USA. Crump, D. (2013). How to Read a Contract Proposal Written by Someone Else, or Evaluating the Seven Elements of Agreement.Fla. St. U. Bus. Rev.,12, 109. Durkheim, E. (2014).The rules of sociological method: and selected texts on sociology and its method. Simon and Schuster. Fordham, M. (2013). Legislation and Case Notes: Contributory Negligence and the Disabled Claimant.Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, 192. Furmston, M. P., Cheshire, G. C., Fifoot, C. H. S. (2012).Cheshire, Fifoot and Furmston's law of contract. Oxford University Press. ISMAIL, R. (2011). Food and consumer protection: A study on food legislation of selected countries.Asian Law Institute, Singapore. Schwartz, A., Scott, R. E. (2016). The Common Law of Contract and the Default Rule Project.Virginia Law Review, Forthcoming. Schwenzer, I., Hachem, P., Kee, C. (2012).Global sales and contract law. Oxford University Press. Stickley, A. P. (2013).Australian Torts Law. LexisNexis Butterworths. Stuhmcke, A., Stewart, P. (2014). Lacunae and litigants: A study of negligence cases in the high court of Australia in the first decade of the 21st century and beyond.Melbourne University Law Review,38(1).

Literature Review of Celebrity Endorsement Essay Example

Literature Review of Celebrity Endorsement Essay Running head: A LITERARY REVIEW OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT Celebrity Endorsement in Mass Media Advertising Brands Celebrity endorsement in mass media advertising has become a very beneficial phenomenon for many countries and has significantly increased in the past decade, and should be the main principle of brand communications since it is the key to marketing success. Any product that is displayed in a television commercial or magazine advertisement by a corporation that uses a celebrity or well known public figure to give a testimonial or information about the product, is practicing celebrity endorsement. Although commonly thought of starting in the United States, celebrity endorsement began in India during the ‘80s but has since been adopted by countries in Asia, Europe, and almost worldwide. Modern mass media (especially that of tabloids) has increased exposure of celebrities to the point that it is unavoidable to not be exposed to a celebrity face. The primary principle that celebrity endorsement works off of is the public recognition of the celebrity endorser as an admirable or desirable cultural force. It is not uncommon to view commercials from the past 10 years and see popular icons like Britney Spears endorsing a particular soft drink like Pepsi or Michael Jordan endorsing Nike as the number one brand for anyone that has even the slightest liking to sports. These celebrities among many others, are used to promote products, services, and ideas (Kambitsis et al. , 2002). A reason for the increase in the usage of celebrity endorsing on various levels of mass media is almost exclusively due to the fact that this strategy results in more positive advertisement and product ratings (Dean and Biswas, 2001), as well as We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of Celebrity Endorsement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of Celebrity Endorsement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of Celebrity Endorsement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A LITERARY REVIEW OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT an increase in the purchasing of the product and in turn, increased finances for the producer (Erdogan, 2001). Most celebrity endorsers come from the entertainment and sports industries. Nevertheless, more than likely, the celebrity endorser is not known to the public for the product that they are endorsing (Friedman, 1979), therefore they are not experts of that product. As mentioned previously for example, Britney Spears has endorsed Pepsi. She s an iconic pop singer and even though she wrote a song called â€Å"Joy of Pepsi,† she is not an expert on what the best tasting soft drink is; her fame has no relation to what she is endorsing. Besides those obvious facts, Pepsi’s sales increased four times as fast as their competitor (DeNitto, 1994). Although celebrity endorsing is very expensive for the companies, in the long run it has often helped their sales because they are recognized by the public and viewed as more powerful t han an anonymous face of a model (Carroll, 2008). Celebrities are also interested in endorsing themselves in the product as their image considerably develops rather quickly along with the product. According to Speck (1988), endorsements involve three participants; sellers, endorsers, and target consumers. This is because the seller asks an endorser to use and evaluate a product, and then after trying a product, the endorser encourages the target consumers and personal fans to also purchase and try out the product. Advertising campaigns using celebrities to support brand strategy have in general tended to be repetitive, high-profile and loud extravaganzas in which the celebrity features prominently and directly, unlike the product itself, which seems more like an addition to the whole scheme of the advertisement (Carroll, 2009). Celebrity endorsement is a powerful marketing strategy compared to the A LITERARY REVIEW OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT likes of public relations and sales promotion but has been the most long-standing beneficial strategy out of all (Hsu and McDonald, 2002). Choosing the Celebrity Endorser Giving a brand a recognizable ‘face’ is often more than just a marketing strategy, but for better or worse can change a brand forever. Thus, choosing a celebrity endorser is of maximum importance and therefore done on a whole slew of parameters that include appeal, looks, popularity, product type, message type, etc. (Erdogan, 1999). The general belief among advertisers is that brand communication messages that are delivered by these selectively chosen celebrity endorsers, produce a higher appeal and recall than those advertisements that are not celebrity endorsed. Furthermore, when celebrities are recognized with brand names, it creates a positive attitude, as well as a distinct personality for the brand. For example, Forbes reported that Chanel, an extremely well known Parisian fashion house, acquired an endorsement deal with spokes icon Nicole Kidman, which in turn increased business by about 16%, without administering any changes whatsoever in fragrance or packaging, because â€Å"all of a sudden, younger women took notice of the brand (Forbes). † Credibility is also an obvious large part in determining who to use in endorsements for a specific product. Previous research has shown that celebrities that endorse several products at a time are seen as less credible to the typical consumer (Hsu and McDonald, 2002), rather than a celebrity who just endorses a single product. The reason for this insight is because a celebrity who endorses multiple products can seem as if they do not have a real liking or interest in a particular product and will just peddle any product that is asked of them. Another event that could A LITERARY REVIEW OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT iscredit a celebrity endorsement is negative press or events that are associated with the celebrity’s name. This very problem occurred in 2005 with supermodel Kate Moss. She was dropped from her endorsements from large companies Burberry, HM, and Chanel, when photographs of her snorting cocaine surfaced in magazines and websites. Companies using a celebrity endorser take into account the serious consequences (loss of revenue, bad image) of putting a tainted face to their produc t since as stated above, the brand’s whole personality is often dependent on the celebrity endorser. Another aspect that is taken into account pertaining to the effectiveness of the celebrity endorser is to directly measure the degree that the consumers evaluate the celebrity as genuinely liking the product that they are endorsing. According to Gilbert and Malone (1995), these evaluations are recognizable under a type of judgment called â€Å"correspondent inferences. † Correspondent inferences generally refer to a judgment that consumers observe the endorser’s behavior in the advertisement to then infer consistent character in the endorser. For example, the consumer would observe an athlete saying he loves the breakfast cereal Wheaties, and then the consumer would infer that the athlete really does, in fact, like Wheaties. Adding to this study, McCracken (1986) suggests that a celebrity that best represents the appropriate symbolic properties â€Å"of the product should be selected, thus, highlighting the importance of the cultural meanings of celebrities in the endorsement process. † Culturally speaking, Americans identify themselves more closely with celebrities and are more willing to accept and unconsciously accept endorsement messages. Brands are therefore seen as playing a fundamental, as well as A LITERARY REVIEW OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT complex role in the construction of the self (Carroll, 2009). We achieve self-consistency via brand consumption, purchasing brands that we perceive to be similar to our selfconcept. Defined as image congruence hypothesis, this suggests that brands perform a function of self-enhancement whereby consumers form perceptions about brands and compare these to their own value system, selecting brands that match the closest. All in all, the public’s fascination with the celebrities will continue on because of their role in society as an entertainer and in return, the use of celebrities in advertising will continue to increase (Pringle, 2004). Grant McCracken has proposed the Meaning Transfer Theory when referring to celebrity endorsement and its effectiveness. His theory states that a celebrity encodes a unique set of meanings that can be transferred to the endorsed product if used in the correct way. This theory takes place in three stages—encoding meanings, meaning transfer, and meaning capture. McCracken’s theory is described as first, encoding meanings: this is basically the age, gender, race, and wealth or personal lifestyle that a celebrity can be identified with by the public. For example, a celebrity can be seen as cute, witty, and charming due to any of those factors, since each person viewing these celebrities will make their own meanings about them (McCracken, 1986). The next stage that occurs is meaning transfer. This second stage transfers those meanings to a product and when those meanings are skillfully portrayed, celebrities are able to communicate the image more powerfully as endorsers. The final stage is meaning capture, which assumes A LITERARY REVIEW OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT that consumers purchase products not just for their practical value, but for their cultural and symbolic value that they can convey from the product. Agreeing with McCracken, Carroll also adds to this statement by reporting that the consumers now turn to brands of products less as bundles of utility and more so as â€Å"badges that contain social meaning† (Carrol, 2009). Simply put, it is the stage that the consumers hope to capture some part of the meaning from the first stage (cute, witty, etc. , which the celebrity endorser has seemed to have passed on to the product. This is especially true in celebrity promoted lifestyle products like perfumes, clothes, and consumer technology (McCracken, 1986). Because celebrity endorsements tie into people’s personal and cultural meanings, it seems that they will always infinitely be effective and have proven to be a sustainable marketing technique. Based on the previous research, this study will move forward and add to the literature by asking the following questions: RQ 1: Will all correspondent inferences be positively associated with the attitudes toward the advertised product? RQ 2: Will observers (consumers) still believe that the celebrity endorser likes the product more than the average user, even though they know the endorser is getting a large payment? References Dean, D. H. and Biswas, A. (2001). Third-party organization endorsement of products: an advertising cue affecting consumer pre purchase evaluation of goods and services. Journal of Advertising. 30 (4). Carroll, Angela. (2009). Brand communications in fashion categories using celebrity endorsement. Journal of Brand Management. 17 (2). 146-158. doi: 10. 1057/bm. 2008. 42 DeNitto, E. (1994). Pepsi, Coke think international for future growth. Advertising Age. p. 44. Erdogan, B. Z. (1999). Celebrity endorsement. Journal of Marketing Management. 11 (1). Erdogan, B. Z. (2001). Selecting celebrity endorsers: the practitioner’s perspective. Journal of Advertising Research. 41. p. 39. Friedman, H. H. (1979). Endorser effectiveness by product type. Journal of Advertising Research. 19 (5). Hsu, C. K. and McDonald, D. (2002). An examination on multiple celebrity endorsement in advertising. Journal of Product and Brand Management. 11 (1). pp. 19-29. Kambitsis, C. , Harahousou, Y. Thedorakis, C. 2002). Sports advertising in print media: case of 200 Olympic games. Corporate Communication: An International Journal. 7 (3). McCracken, G. (1986). Culture and consumption: a theoretical account of the structure and movement of the cultural meaning of consumer goods. The Journal of Consumer Research. 13 (1). Onkvisit, S. and Shaw, J. (1987). Self-concept and image congruence: Some research and managerial implications. Journal of Consumer Marketing. 4(1). 13-23. Pringle, H. (2004). Celebrity sells. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. England. Ruiz, N. (2008). Can a star sell you style?. Forbes. com LLC.

Shark Killing essays

Shark Killing essays Among some of the most wasteful reasons to hunt in the world Id have to say that besides the killing of elephants for their tusks, this is on top of the list for one of the worst reasons a blue shark is killed. And sadly enough the United States is one of the top countries to blame. In Hawaii and Mexico shark finning is very common. The fishermen fish the sharks take the fins, and throw it back into the water. The fins are mainly used for fin soup as a status symbol for the Japanese. They eat it for fin soup. Since the fins contain a high dose of ammonia smell and taste they must be processed quickly and tossed back into the ocean, and a lot of times the fish is thrown back into the water alive. Conservations main cause for concern is the fact that the sharks have a very low reproduction rate. They dont typically reproduce until the age of twenty-five, and even then they only produce a few babies. At The rate these fishermen hunt them the sharks will possibly become endangered in the next few years. This is one of the most cruelest things Ive ever heard, and not just the killing of them for the fins, but that fact that they are thrown back into the water without fins. How is the shark supposed to survive and even swim? That is so cruel. Maybe someone should cut off fishermens legs and arms, and watch them try to survive. It probably would probably hard for the fisherman to survive, hed be a physical vegetable. I hope the United States does something urgently to control this growing problem before it gets out of hand. The people can do something about it by obviously not buying shark products but also by writing letters and sending petitions to congress, we could also spread the word in other ways in Japan and Hong Kong. But I think if the US stopped the finning, other countries would probably follow and sales would go down, giving the sharks ...